What is it and Who is Responsible?

Many types of ground improvement (GI) are used in modern geotechnical construction. For the purpose of this article, GI refers to a rigid or semi-rigid cylindrical inclusion (GI element) installed through otherwise unsuitable bearing soils into underlying suitable strata to enable the use of spread footing foundations for building support. Due to favorable economics compared to viable foundation alternatives, use of GI is accelerating in the United States. …